A dual-mode large language model assistant for on-surface reactions

Surface reactions underpin catalysis, nanomaterials, energy conversion, and molecular-scale fabrication, yet the field suffers from fragmented knowledge dispersed across unstructured literature, hindering systematic analysis and data-driven discovery. Existing chemical databases and language models inadequately capture the domain-specific semantics and experimental parameters unique to on-surface reactions. Here, we present an integrated framework that transforms the dispersed surface-chemistry literature into a structured, machine-readable knowledge and leverages it to develop a domain-specialized large language model (LLM) assistant for on-surface reactions. We curated and semantically screened hundreds of thousands of publications to construct the surface-chemistry corpus, from which we extracted 44 predefined reaction attributes across more than 44 000 studies of surface reactions. These structured records were used to build both a high-quality reaction database and a domain-specific question-answering dataset. On this basis, we developed a dual-mode LLM system that combines a parameter-efficient fine-tuned reasoning model with a dual-source retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) framework, enabling both deep inference and verifiable retrieval of experimental parameters. Evaluations demonstrate that the fine-tuned LLM outperforms existing chemistry-oriented language models on surface-chemistry question-answering, achieving a Bert-