Trial reportWorld journal of methodology2026
Cortical arousal and autonomic regulation: The role of cold
Trial report in World journal of methodology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe interplay between caffeine ingestion, beverage temperature, and orthostatic stress on cortical arousal and autonomic regulation remains poorly understood. Understanding these distinctions is critical in identifying non-pharmacologic strategies for mitigating orthostatic intolerance, presyncope, and fatigue. Furthermore, electroencephalogram (EEG) biomarkers may provide objective insights into cortical-autonomic coupling during prolonged standing. This emerging perspective offers a novel translational pathway for optimizing performance and well-being in both clinical and occupational settings.
aimTo investigate the effect of ingesting cold and tepid caffeinated beverages on brain waves during prolonged orthostasis.
methodsThirty-six male individuals, averaging 20 years old, who satisfied the inclusion criteria were selected using respondent-driven sampling. Caffeinated beverages containing 10-12 mg of caffeine per 100 mL at 10 °C (cold) or 37 °C (tepid) were used for the study. Baseline EEG and pulse rate in a sitting position were recorded. Orthostasis was defined as standing upright from a sitting position and lasting 20 min. An EEG was conducted using PowerLab 26T.
resultsPulse rate was significantly elevated by orthostasis when compared with the baseline. Cold caffeinated beverages decreased the alpha/beta ratio and increased beta wave frequency when compared with tepid caffeinated drinks. Orthostasis also increased beta wave frequency but decreased alpha wave frequency and the alpha/beta ratio when compared with baseline. However, orthostatic individuals administered tepid caffeinated beverage showed no significant difference in the alpha/beta ratio with orthostatic individuals administered a cold caffeinated beverage.
conclusionNeither cold nor tepid caffeinated beverages altered EEG responses to prolonged orthostasis; caution is advised during standing, particularly for elderly individuals and patients prone to orthostatic syncope or autonomic disorders.
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