Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42058728›Full record

ArticleClinical epidemiology2026

Association Between Race and COVID-19 Outcomes During the Pre-Vaccination Period in the United States (2020-2021).

Sruthi Adimadhyam, Rebecca Hawrusik, Hye Seung Lee, Caroline J Jjingo, Jane A Gwira, Maria E Kempner, Megan Wiley, Andrew B Petrone, Yueqin Zhao, Danijela Stojanovic and 2 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Clinical epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Sruthi AdimadhyamDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1377-3902
Rebecca HawrusikDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
Hye Seung LeeDivision of Biometrics VII, Office of Biostatistics, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Caroline J JjingoDivision of Anti-Infectives, Office of Infectious Diseases, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Jane A GwiraOffice of Biostatistics and Pharmacovigilance, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Maria E KempnerDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
Megan WileyDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
Andrew B PetroneDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
Yueqin ZhaoDivision of Biometrics VII, Office of Biostatistics, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Danijela StojanovicOffice of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Efe EworukeEpidemiology and Drug Safety, Real World Solutions, IQVIA Inc., Durham, NC, USA.
Adebola AjaoOffice of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objective: To determine the association between race, a proxy for social determinants of health, and COVID-19 outcomes adjusted for demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic differences. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative claims data in the Sentinel Distributed Database. We identified 841,628 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19; and separately, 133,773 individuals hospitalized with COVID-19 between April 1, 2020, and March 31, 2021, in the US. Eligible individuals required at least 6 months of enrollment in a health plan prior to cohort entry. Crude and adjusted associations between self-reported race (Asian, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native [AIAN], Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander [NHOPI], White, or Unknown) and COVID-19 outcomes (hospitalization with COVID-19; critical COVID; 30-day all-cause inpatient mortality) were determined using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Of the 841,628 individuals with COVID-19, 45.5% were White, 42.1% were of Unknown race, 9.5% Black or African American, 2% Asian, 0.5% NHOPI, and 0.3% AIAN. All subpopulations had increased odds of hospitalization compared to White population (AIAN, adjusted Odds Ratio 1.45 [95% confidence interval 1.11-1.90]; Asian population 1.58 [1.38-1.80]; Black or African American population 1.58 [1.40-1.78]; NHOPI 1.32 [1.22-1.42]). There were 133,773 individuals hospitalized with COVID-19, 56.2% of whom were White, 23.4% of Unknown race, 17.6% Black or African American, 1.5% Asian, 0.9% NHOPI, and 0.4% AIAN. Over half of all hospitalized individuals progressed to critical COVID (58%) and 14.2% died within 30 days. Progression to critical COVID was significantly higher in NHOPI population compared to White population (1.17 [1.03-1.32]). AIAN population (1.52 [1.20-1.91]), Asian population (1.30 [1.13-1.49]), and NHOPI population (1.24 [1.06-1.45]) had significantly higher odds of 30-day inpatient mortality compared to White population. Conclusion: We identified significant differences in COVID-19 outcomes in different subgroups within a diverse US population.

Indexed as

COVID-19health outcomesmultivariable analysisreal-world data

Identifiers

PMID42058728
PMCPMC13123566

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.