ArticleBulletin of the World Health Organization2026
Carbon emissions associated with antenatal testing for hepatitis B prophylaxis eligibility, the Gambia.
Article in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To estimate the carbon footprint of three diagnostic strategies to identify pregnant women eligible for antiviral prophylaxis to prevent hepatitis B vertical transmission in the Gambia. Methods: In 2024, we conducted a life cycle assessment of a point-of-care polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test using plasma, and a rapid diagnostic test for hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) using plasma and capillary blood across three hospitals (rural, suburban and urban) and a suburban health centre. We included all products and processes in each diagnostic strategy. The functional unit was an antenatal testing episode assessing eligibility for antiviral prophylaxis, beginning after positive hepatitis B surface antigen screening. We estimated carbon emissions in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent (g CO Findings: Mean carbon emissions per strategy were significantly different between point-of-care PCR and the rapid diagnostic tests ( Conclusion: Our findings suggest that HBcrAg rapid diagnostic tests can reduce emissions substantially compared with point-of-care PCR. Our study demonstrates that life cycle assessments are feasible in resource-constrained settings and highlights the importance of integrating sustainability into hepatitis B diagnostic strategies.
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