ArticleHealth science reports2026
Impact of Household Income on Clinical Presentation and Survival Outcomes in Patients With Metastatic Spinal Tumors: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in Health science reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background and Aims: Metastatic spinal tumors pose substantial challenges in oncology, especially in resource-constrained environments like Pakistan, where lower household income may affect clinical presentation and outcomes. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the association between household income level and clinical presentation, functional outcomes, and survival in adults with metastatic spinal tumors. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 250 adult patients diagnosed with histologically confirmed metastatic spinal tumors from 2015 to 2024 at two tertiary care centers in Pakistan. Patients were stratified by household income: low ( Results: Low-income patients had significantly longer symptom duration (mean 25.1 [SD 12.3] months vs. 20.2 [SD 11.0] months in the middle/high-income groups; Conclusion: Lower household income was significantly associated with delayed presentation and higher comorbidity burden. Survival did not differ significantly after multivariable adjustment for confounders. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm these findings and inform targeted interventions in low-resource settings.
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