ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2026
Risk factors for progression to bronchitis or pneumonia in hospitalized children with human rhinovirus infection: a retrospective cohort study using machine learning.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infections and hospitalization in children. However, risk factors for progression to bronchitis vs. pneumonia remain incompletely characterized. Objective: This study aimed to identify and distinguish independent predictors for these outcomes using a machine learning approach. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among hospitalized children with HRV infection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University. A two-stage feature selection method (Random Forest and LASSO) was used, followed by multinomial logistic regression to quantify associations with progression to bronchitis or pneumonia. Results: Of 1,125 children, 29% progressed to bronchitis and 59% to pneumonia. Multinomial logistic regression revealed distinct risk profiles. Progression to bronchitis was strongly associated with lower airway obstruction, including dyspnea ( Conclusion: Bronchitis progression is primarily associated with airway obstruction, whereas pneumonia is linked to more complex clinical scenarios, including prior medication, co-infections, and coagulopathy. These findings can improve early risk stratification and guide targeted interventions.
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