ReviewIndian journal of ophthalmology2026
Biosimilar anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents: Clinical outcomes, safety, and cost-effectiveness in India.
Review in Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Retinal vascular diseases, including neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, myopic choroidal neovascularization, and retinopathy of prematurity, are a major cause of visual morbidity in India. Although anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has transformed the management of these conditions, long-term outcomes in real-world Indian practice are frequently limited by affordability-related undertreatment. The introduction of biosimilar anti-VEGF agents, particularly ranibizumab biosimilars, has therefore assumed critical importance in improving access to sustained retinal care. This narrative review synthesizes the available Indian evidence on the clinical efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, and cost-effectiveness of biosimilar anti-VEGF agents. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus from inception through September 2025 using predefined keywords related to biosimilar ranibizumab, retinal vascular diseases, safety, immunogenicity, real-world evidence, and cost-effectiveness. Additional studies were identified through manual screening of reference lists. Peer-reviewed English-language randomized trials, phase 3 studies, post-marketing surveillance reports, and large real-world cohorts from India were included. Across major retinal indications, phase 3 trials consistently demonstrated equivalence or noninferiority of biosimilars to the reference molecule in visual and anatomical outcomes, with comparable safety and low immunogenicity. Large real-world datasets further corroborate these findings and provide reassurance regarding ophthalmic use of biosimilar anti-VEGF. Importantly, reduced treatment costs have translated into improved treatment initiation and adherence. Overall, current evidence supports biosimilar ranibizumab as a safe, effective, and cost-effective alternative for retinal diseases in resource-limited settings.
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