ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy-induced extracellular vesicles promote antitumor immunity in bladder cancer.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy remains one of the most effective treatments for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, a substantial proportion of patients fail to respond, and the precise mechanisms underlying BCG's therapeutic effects remain incompletely understood. While extracellular vesicles (EVs) can modulate a range of biological processes, their relevance in this context is also poorly understood. Methods: To investigate the interplay between BCG, EVs, and bladder cancer, bladder cancer (BC) cell lines, dendritic cell (DC) and T cell co-culture systems, nanoparticle tracking analysis, molecular profiling, and Western blotting approaches were employed Results: We identified a novel mechanism of action involving BCG-induced EVs (EVs Conclusion: These findings implicate EVs
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