ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Decoding the immune microenvironment: precision immunotherapy for medulloblastoma subtypes.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a severe pediatric brain tumor with distinct molecular subtypes-WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4-each having unique genetic drivers and immune microenvironments. This review highlights the immune characteristics of each subtype: SHH is rich in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), whose role in tumorigenesis is debated; Group 3 features cytotoxic T cells often neutralized by immune checkpoints like PD-L1, causing T cell exhaustion; and Group 4 is marked by natural killer (NK) cells and B cells. These immune landscapes, including tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) and abnormal vascular networks, influence tumor growth, spread, and treatment response. Precision immunotherapy must be tailored to specific subtypes. This article discusses CAR T-cell therapy targeting antigens like B7-H3 and GD2, prevalent in SHH subtypes, and examines immune checkpoint blockades targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CD47-SIRPα. It also highlights innovative methods like oncolytic viruses to transform "cold" tumor microenvironments and combination therapies using CSF1R inhibitors and tumor-associated antigens to boost anti-tumor responses. Understanding the immune microenvironment's subtype-specific heterogeneity in medulloblastoma is crucial for advancing precision immunotherapy and improving patient outcomes.
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