Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42050068›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Measurement and forecasting of the diffuse fraction of solar irradiance using a hybrid stacking model in Saudi Arabia.

Haifa Harrouch, Nadjem Bailek, Bilel Zerouali, Ilyes Abidi, Hanene Guesmi, Cyril Voyant, Jihad A Younis, Maher Jebali, Rabab Triki

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Haifa HarrouchComputer Science Departement, Applied College, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, 55476, Hail City, Saudi Arabia.
Nadjem BailekLaboratory of Mathematics Modeling and Applications, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Adrar, 01000, Adrar, Algeria. bailek.nadjem@univ-adrar.edu.dz.
Bilel ZeroualiLaboratory of Architecture, Cities and Environment, Department of Hydraulic, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Chlef, Algeria.
Ilyes AbidiComputer Science Departement, Applied College, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, 55476, Hail City, Saudi Arabia.
Hanene GuesmiComputer Science Departement, Applied College, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, 55476, Hail City, Saudi Arabia.
Cyril VoyantOIE Laboratory, Mines-PSL, Sophia-Antipolis, 06904, Antibes, France.
Jihad A YounisDepartment of Mathematics, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen. jihadyounis162@gmail.com.
Maher JebaliComputer Science Departement, Applied College, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, 55476, Hail City, Saudi Arabia.
Rabab TrikiManagement Information Systems Department, Applied College, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, 55476, Hail City, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Accurate quantification and robust predictive modeling of diffuse solar irradiance ratios are essential for optimizing photovoltaic (PV) system efficiency, particularly in regions characterized by pronounced climatic heterogeneity. This study investigates the spatial variability of diffuse horizontal irradiance ([Formula: see text]) and short-term forecasts of the diffuse fraction ([Formula: see text]) across six representative Saudi Arabian stations, encompassing coastal, desert, and high-altitude environments. A hybrid stacking ensemble model was developed using a multi-algorithmic framework integrating Random Forest (RF), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), and Gradient Boosting Regressor (GBR) algorithms within a meta-learning architecture. Model optimization was achieved through recursive feature selection and gradient-boosted meta-learning, to effectively capture complex nonlinear dependencies among atmospheric predictors under diverse sky conditions. Results revealed pronounced geographic variability in diffuse solar irradiance, with coastal stations exhibiting higher [Formula: see text] values due to maritime aerosol scattering; Jeddah recorded the highest mean [Formula: see text] (283.7 W/m

Indexed as

Climatic variabilityConcentrating solar powerDiffuse fractionHybrid stacking ensemble modelPV systems optimizationRenewable energy optimizationSaudi Arabia solar resourceSolar energy forecasting

Identifiers

PMID42050068
PMCPMC13462779

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.