ArticleScientific reports2026
Nanomaterial-induced modulation of morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and enhancement of anticancer compounds in Tagetes erecta L. callus cultures.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Seeds of Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae) variety sweet orange were inoculated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. Seedling-derived hypocotyl and leaf explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with different concentrations (0.5-3 mg L-1) of plant growth regulators to induce callus. Among both the explants, leaf exhibited superior callus induction compared to hypocotyl explants on the optimized medium containing BAP (1.5 mg L-1) and NAA (1 mg L-1). The optimized medium was subsequently supplemented with nanomaterials (NMs) like zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) along with their respective bulk materials at different concentrations (2-16 mg L-1). The results indicated that NM treatments evoked notable changes in morpho-physio-biochemical parameters compared to bulk materials, with MWCNTs showing the highest efficacy. The maximum biomass (5216±25.88 mg FW and 268±15.78 mg DW) was recorded at 8 mg L-1 MWCNTs. At this concentration, biochemical parameters were also highest, including chl a (15.61±0.10 µg g-1 FW), chl b (7.91±0.20 µg g-1 FW), total chl (23.53±0.23 µg g-1 FW), and carotenoids (27.53±0.63 µg g-1 FW) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract, total soluble sugar (6.30±0.12 mg g-1 FW), proline (0.38±0.009 µM g-1 FW), free radical scavenging activity (70.49±0.12%), total phenolics (6.61±0.02 µg GAE g-1 FW), and total flavonoids (13.16±0.25 µg QE g-1 FW). Moreover, this treatment also significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD; 726.71±0.08 U g-1 FW), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; 4.82±0.03 µM min-1 g-1 FW), catalase (CAT; 457.56±0.56 µM min-1 g-1 FW) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 10.06±0.09 nM min-1 g-1 FW). Concurrently, MWCNTs significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA; 13.48±0.11 nM g-1 FW) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 12.98±0.16 nM g-1 FW) levels. Furthermore, NM treatments markedly enhanced lupeol yield to 186.835±1.58 µg g-1 DW (53.14-fold higher as compared to control) at 2 mg L-1 MWCNTs, and β-sitosterol yield to 22.093±0.08 µg g-1 DW (2.23-fold higher as compared to control) at 4 mg L-1 SiO2NPs. Correlation analysis revealed distinct variations among the measured parameters depending on the NM treatments. Overall, the present study provides a basis for large-scale production of these anticancer compounds and paves the way for elucidating metabolic pathways and nanomaterial-mediated metabolic engineering in this valuable plant.
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