Proteomic taxonomic identification can identify cryptic diversity of Squamata in modern and paleontological specimens.

Taxonomic identification of fauna is the foundation for multiple lines of ecological and paleoecological inquiry. However, genomic analyses are increasingly finding morphological similarities can mask species diversity. This cryptic diversity is especially relevant to Squamata (snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians), members of which tend to be morphologically conserved. ZooMS (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry) is a proteomic method for taxonomic identification primarily applied to mammals and fish but is largely unexplored in squamates. We expanded the ZooMS reference database to include 23 species of Squamata (Phrynosomatidae and Iguanidae) and reveal proteomic species-level identification is possible for most of our tested species, including within the morphologically indistinguishable Sceloporus undulatus complex. These results open new opportunities for using the fossil record of Squamata for paleoecological investigations, including the reexamination of the long-standing North American herpetofaunal stability hypothesis. We applied this method to the fossil record of Squamata by analyzing 58 fossil lizards from ten paleontological sites in the North American southwest. We found that 37% of the fossils were morphologically misidentified, 58% of misidentifications were to the genus level, and 52% of species-level morphological identifications were incorrect. We additionally found 5% of our modern specimens from natural history collections were misidentified.