Trial reportBMJ global health2026
HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening during wartime: a pilot implementation study from a conflict-affected region of Ukraine.
Trial report in BMJ global health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07275333 (Human Papillomavirus Self-sampling for Enhancing Cervical Screening During the War in Ukraine), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Human Papillomavirus Self-sampling for Enhancing Cervical Screening During the War in Ukraine
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionCervical cancer screening is difficult to initiate and sustain during war due to disrupted health services, population displacement and limited clinical capacity. Evidence on whether human papillomavirus (HPV)-based screening using self-sampling can function as a screening pathway during armed conflict is unknown. This study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability and operational performance of HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening in a war-affected region of Ukraine.
methodsWomen aged 30-60 years living in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine, were offered HPV testing using self-collected cervicovaginal samples distributed through outpatient clinics, community outreach activities and refugee centres. Samples were analysed locally using PCR-based HPV assays with external laboratory quality assurance. Women positive for HPV16/18 were referred directly for colposcopic evaluation. Primary outcomes included screening uptake, kit return rate, HPV positivity and follow-up completion among HPV16/18-positive women. Secondary outcomes included turnaround times, HPV positivity by age and sampling setting, and participant feedback.
resultsBetween April and December 2025, 593 women were offered HPV self-sampling; only 4 (0.67%) declined participation. Of 589 distributed kits, 572 samples were returned and analysed (attendance rate 96.46%, 572/596), with non-return occurring only in refugee centres. Overall, 52/572 women (9.1%) tested positive for targeted HPV types, including 22 (3.8%) positive for HPV16/18 and 30 (5.2%) positive for HPV31/33/35/45/52/58. All women testing positive for HPV16/18 were contacted and referred for specialist follow-up; among those completing follow-up, all were assessed within 2 months. Median turnaround time from self-sampling to results was 6.3 days. All recorded participant feedback was positive.
conclusionHPV self-sampling-based cervical cancer screening can be initiated and maintained during active war with high uptake, timely laboratory processing and effective referral of women at highest risk. Simplified, low-contact screening pathways may support cervical cancer prevention under wartime conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT07275333.
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