Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42049017›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2026

Reduced Efficacy of Piperonyl Butoxide Based Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets Against Malaria Vectors in Western Kenya.

Samuel Kahindi, Lucy Abel, Erastus Kirwa, Mark Amunga, Emma Kimachas, Evans Omondi, Millicent Cherono, Judith Mangeni, Andrew Obala, Christine Markwalter and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Samuel KahindiSchool of Pure and Applied Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.
Lucy AbelAcademic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya.
Erastus KirwaAcademic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya.
Mark AmungaAcademic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya.
Emma KimachasAcademic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya.
Evans OmondiAcademic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya.
Millicent CheronoAcademic Model Providing Access to Health Care (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya.
Judith MangeniSchool of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
Andrew ObalaSchool of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
Christine MarkwalterDuke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Wendy Prudhomme O'MearaSchool of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In response to rising insecticide resistance among malaria vector species, countries are implementing long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) coformulated with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), which can restore susceptibility to pyrethroid-based nets. In mid-2021, Kenya National Malaria Program rolled out PBO-LLINs in Bungoma County. We evaluated the susceptibility of wild-collected vectors to new versus used PBO-LLINs using the WHO cone bioassays. Results were confirmed with the WHO susceptibility assay. A total of 2,020 female Anopheles were tested, of which 1,480 were wild-collected and 540 were a Kilifi-susceptible strain. Mortality after exposure to new PBO-LLINs was only 68% in the wild-collected mosquitoes and as low as 34% when mosquitoes were exposed to used, 24-month old PBO-LLINs. Anopheles arabiensis was the main vector species that survived exposure. Susceptibility tests confirmed very low mortality after exposure to permethrin with or without PBO. Reduced sensitivity can be attributed partly to the aging of the net but also to very high levels of resistance in the local vector population.

Indexed as

AnophelesInsecticidesInsecticide-Treated BednetsMalariaMosquito ControlMosquito VectorsPiperonyl ButoxideAnimalsFemaleInsecticide ResistanceKenyaPermethrinPesticide SynergistsPyrethrinsInsecticidesPermethrinPesticide SynergistsPiperonyl ButoxidePyrethrins

Identifiers

PMID42049017
PMCPMC13235607

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.