ArticlePloS one2026
Spatial Heterogeneity in Women's Financial Inclusion in India: An application of small area estimation.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhile India is making notable strides in women's financial inclusion, closing remaining gaps is hampered by a lack of granular data at the sub-state level. This study uses model-based small-area estimation techniques, linking data of National Family Health Survey 2015-16 and 2019-21, respectively, with the 2011 Indian Census data to generate district-level estimates of three components of women's financial inclusion: women's bank/savings account ownership, their knowledge and use of microcredit programmes in 640 districts of India in 2015-16 and 2019-21.
resultsModel-based estimates reveal considerable intra- and inter-state variations in all indicators. In NFHS-5, estimates of bank/savings account ownership varied from 56.1% in Kiphire district of Nagaland to 95.4% in Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu. Knowledge of microcredit programmes varied from 11.8% in Lawngtlai district of Mizoram to a maximum of 84.9% in Thiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu. The use of microcredit programmes was more limited (7.7%). Substantial within state clustering was present in all the three components. Districts with lower prevalences in NFHS-4 registered higher increase between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 in women's bank/savings account ownership and their knowledge of microcredit programmes.
conclusionsPresent study reveals considerable intra-state variations in both rates of financial inclusion and changes in financial inclusion levels over time. Our approach provides a new tool for policy makers to identify and close remaining gaps in women's financial inclusion.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.