ReviewBiological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society2026
Photoperiod-dependent regulation of secondary growth by auxin flux: how it occurs and how to benefit from it.
Review in Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Photoperiod is a crucial environmental signal that orchestrates the seasonal growth cycle in temperate forest trees. While its role in regulating primary growth through well characterized molecular pathways like the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)/TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) module is established, the mechanisms governing the photoperiodic control of secondary growth - the process responsible for wood formation and the majority of terrestrial carbon sequestration - remain poorly understood. This review synthesizes current evidence to explore the hypothesis that auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) flux, determined by its biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism, serves as an important mechanism through which photoperiod regulates secondary growth. First, I critically evaluate the role of auxin flux in the photoperiodic control of key xylem developmental stages (cell division, enlargement, and maturation). Second, I dissect the relationship between primary and secondary growth under changing day length, arguing that auxin supply is not a passive consequence of photoperiod-dependent apical growth but is independently regulated. Third, I examine emerging molecular mechanisms that could underlie photoperiod-dependent changes in auxin flux, highlighting an abscisic acid-dependent pathway involving Vascular Cambium-related MADS 1 and 2 (VCM1/2) and PIN-FORMED5b (PIN5b) in poplar, and discussing the potential, yet less-defined, roles of FT/TFL1-like and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1)/LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY)-like factors. Finally, I discuss the potential of manipulating the photoperiod-auxin flux relationship to enhance late-season growth and drought resilience in trees, proposing a synthetic biology approach to engineer photoperiod-insensitive auxin biosynthesis as a strategy to optimize tree performance under rapidly changing climatic conditions.
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