ArticlePharmacoepidemiology and drug safety2026
Identifying the Initiation of a New Line of Therapy for Metastatic Lung, Breast, and Colorectal Cancer in Real-World Data: A Scoping Review.
Article in Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Identifying the Initiation of a New Line of Therapy for Metastatic Lung, Breast, and Colorectal Cancer in Real-World Data: A Scoping Review.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to identify and synthesize published algorithms for identifying the initiation of a new line of therapy (LOT) for metastatic lung, breast, and colorectal cancer in real-world data (RWD).
methodsWe conducted a scoping review of published, English-language studies describing algorithms for identifying any LOTs with systemic anti-cancer therapy (SACT) for either non-metastatic or metastatic lung, breast, or colorectal cancer in RWD between January 1, 2014, and April 29, 2024. Dual reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Data were extracted, categorized, synthesized, and summarized in narrative and tabular formats.
resultsThe review identified 25 studies, mainly (64%) from the United States. Electronic health/medical records (EHRs) were the most frequently utilized (72%) RWD source. Twenty-four studies (96%) described RWD algorithms for identifying the initiation of a new LOT for metastatic lung, breast, or colorectal cancer. In 23 studies, algorithms required observing a new, adjuvant, SACT after an "incident" metastatic diagnosis code, which had been preceded by a metastasis-free lookback period of varied duration. Three studies' algorithms required observation of the completion of non-metastatic LOTs before initiation of a new LOT for metastatic cancer. Three studies validated their algorithms.
conclusionsDifferent algorithms are being used to identify LOT initiation for metastatic cancer. Most algorithms require an incident diagnosis of metastasis before considering subsequent SACT as newly initiated LOT for metastatic cancer. However, definitions of metastasis onset and gap duration to therapy initiation vary.
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