ArticleBMC microbiology2026
Shikimic acid pathway drives the phase-dependent antibacterial activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCitrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is a devastating disease affecting citrus species worldwide. Although Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZJLMBA1908 has demonstrated significant potential as a biocontrol agent, the metabolic basis underlying its phase-dependent efficacy remains poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the key metabolic pathways driving these fluctuations to optimize its agricultural application.
methodsThe inhibitory effects of cell-free supernatants (CFS) from B.amyloliquefaciens ZJLMBA1908 at three growth phases—exponential (EP), stationary (SP), and decline (DP)—were evaluated using agar-well diffusion (mm) and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)-like growth inhibition assays. Untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics (MSI Level 2) were employed to identify phase-specific metabolites, followed by functional validation using the metabolic perturbagen curcumin and gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR.
resultsThe SP-CFS exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Xcc, with an inhibition zone of 24.94 ± 0.03 mm and MIC of 3.13% (1/32) dilution. Metabolomic analysis identified 103 differential metabolites primarily enriched in the shikimic acid (SA) and phenylalanine metabolic pathways. Curcumin treatment (a putative shikimate dehydrogenase inhibitor) significantly downregulated SA-pathway genes (e.g., aroE, aroK) and reduced the inhibition zone diameter by 4.25 mm. Notably, phenylalanine-derived metabolites were significantly depleted following pathway perturbation.
conclusionsThese findings indicate that the SA and phenylalanine pathways are key associated drivers of the phase-dependent antibacterial activity in strain B. amyloliquefaciens ZJLMBA1908. This study provides a mechanistic basis for the timing of Bacillus-based biopesticide production.
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