Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42045629›Full record

ArticleAging clinical and experimental research2026

Updated Italian norms for the Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT).

Stefano Zago, Thomas Rasi, Edoardo Nicolò Aiello, Francesca Frisco, Giulia De Luca, Beatrice Curti, Arianna Moreschi, Aurora Corso, Teresa Difonzo, Lorenzo Lorusso and 6 more

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Article in Aging clinical and experimental research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Stefano ZagoFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
Thomas RasiDepartment of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy.
Edoardo Nicolò AielloDepartment of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy.
Francesca FriscoDepartment of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy.
Giulia De LucaDepartment of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy.
Beatrice CurtiDepartment of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy.
Arianna MoreschiDepartment of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy.
Aurora CorsoUniversity of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Teresa DifonzoFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
Lorenzo LorussoUOC di Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST-Lecco, PO di Merate, Merate, Italy.
Anna FormentiUOC di Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST-Lecco, PO di Merate, Merate, Italy.
Antonio TettoUOC di Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST-Lecco, PO di Merate, Merate, Italy.
Elisa Di RosaDepartment of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Barbara PolettiDepartment of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy.
Nadia BologniniDepartment of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
Paolo CaffarraMember of the National Committee on Dementia, Italian Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy. caffp51@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2246-5223

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundVerbal associative learning is a key component of episodic memory and is frequently impaired in the early phases of neurodegenerative brain disorders. The Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT) test directly probes this function, and its clinical usefulness critically depends on the availability of contemporary, population-specific normative data.

aimsTo provide updated, regression-based normative data for the Italian PALT.

methodsParticipants (N = 317) were administered the PALT, consisting of eight semantically related and unrelated word pairs presented over three learning trials. Regression-based norms were derived in accordance with the Equivalent Score (ES) method.

resultsAge and education significantly predicted PALT scores. Up-to-date demographic adjustments, tolerance limits, and ES threshold were provided.

conclusionsThis work delivers updated, regression-based Italian norms for the PALT to be employed for the assessment of episodic memory in patients with neurodegenerative brain disorders.

Indexed as

Neuropsychological TestsPaired-Associate LearningAdultAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleHumansItalyMaleMemory, EpisodicMiddle AgedNeurodegenerative DiseasesReference ValuesCognitive impairmentLong-term memoryNeuropsychologyNormative dataPaired-Associate learningPsychometrics

Identifiers

PMID42045629
PMCPMC13253768

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