Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42045477›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Circulating CD38

Pia Fehrenbach, Claudia Siverino, Katharina Trenkwalder, Sandra Erichsen, Simon Hackl, Ferdinand Weisemann, Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan, Martijn Riool, Cezmi A Akdis, Juan J Garcia-Vallejo and 3 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Pia FehrenbachAO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.
Claudia SiverinoAO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.
Katharina TrenkwalderInstitute for Biomechanics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Sandra ErichsenInstitute for Biomechanics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Simon HacklDepartment of Trauma Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany.
Ferdinand WeisemannDepartment of Trauma Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany.
Gowrishankar MuthukrishnanCenter for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
Martijn RioolDepartment of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Cezmi A AkdisSwiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland.
Juan J Garcia-VallejoDepartment of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Sebastian A J ZaatDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Esther C de JongDepartment of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Thomas Fintan MoriartyAO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland. fintan.moriarty@aofoundation.org.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Fracture non-union represents a complex clinical challenge resulting from an incompletely understood interplay between mechanical and biological factors. Infection frequently contributes to non-union but many cases are misdiagnosed due to a lack of classical clinical symptoms. This study characterized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from aseptic non-union (NU-AS, n = 24) and fracture-related infected non-union (NU-FRI, n = 20), and compare them to healed controls (H, n = 18). High-dimensional mass cytometry (CyTOF) revealed significant elevations of regulatory T cells (Tregs; p = 0.0028) and T helper 1 (Th1) cells (p = 0.0073), and reduced expression of the activation marker CD38 in CD4+ T cells (p = 0.0016) and Tregs (p = 0.0017) in NU compared to H. In a subgroup analysis between NU-AS and NU-FRI, monocyte and CD38+ Treg cell counts provided excellent diagnostic potential, with the combination achieving a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 91.7%. These findings highlight an important role of the activation marker CD38 in diagnosing chronic subclinical infection, which promises earlier identification of appropriate management of these patients.

Indexed as

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1Asymptomatic InfectionsFractures, BoneMembrane GlycoproteinsT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryAdultBiomarkersChronic DiseaseFemaleFracture HealingHumansMaleADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1BiomarkersCD38 protein, humanMembrane GlycoproteinsCD38Fracture healingFracture-related infectionNon-unionTregT regulatory cells

Identifiers

PMID42045477
PMCPMC13287652

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.