ArticleScientific reports2026
Engineering applicability of coarse Prunus spinosa biochar for post‑nitrification ammonium polishing in recirculating aquaculture systems.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Residual ammonium following biological nitrification remains a critical operational concern in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), where even low concentrations can induce chronic toxicity and destabilize system performance. Under post-nitrification conditions, engineering reliability, hydraulic compatibility, and material reusability often outweigh maximum adsorption capacity. This study evaluates the applicability of coarse-grained Prunus spinosa biochar (2-4 mm) as a supplementary polishing medium for residual ammonium control downstream of biological nitrification. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted under RAS-relevant conditions (pH 6.8-7.2; 15-35 °C) to quantify ammonium uptake behavior, selectivity in the presence of competing nitrogen species, and governing kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic mechanisms. The biochar exhibited selective ammonium removal, achieving up to 5% uptake, while nitrite and nitrate removal remained below 1%, preserving nitrification functionality. Ammonium adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and was well described by the Langmuir model (R
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