ArticleOccupational and environmental medicine2026
Between stings and smoke: prevalence of allergic disorders and exposure to combustion smokes in Northeast Italy's beekeepers.
Article in Occupational and environmental medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesBeekeepers are frequently exposed to bee venom and combustion smoke, leading to risks of systemic allergic reactions and respiratory hazards. This study assesses the prevalence of systemic allergic symptoms among beekeepers in Northeastern Italy and describes current management practices. Additionally, it characterises inhalation exposures to combustion smoke during apiary maintenance.
methodsA cross-sectional survey collected data on sting exposure, allergic symptoms and smoke use practices. Combustion smoke exposure assessment was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Gasmet DX-4030) coupled with an ultrafine particle classifier (DiSCmini) to characterise emissions from commonly used fuels.
resultsAmong 553 beekeepers surveyed, 21.3% reported systemic allergic reactions after bee sting, mostly males (66.7%). Of these (n=118), only 31.4% were confirmed sensitised to
conclusionsSystemic allergic reactions to bee venom are common but often undertreated in beekeepers. Combustion smoke is a significant respiratory hazard. Targeted interventions are needed to improve health outcomes and safety in this occupational group.
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