Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42044322›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026

Antiretroviral therapy blocks natural selection on protective and disease-susceptible HLA-B alleles in HIV-1 infection.

Nicholas G Herbert, Gabriela Cromhout, Nomonde Bengu, Rowena Fillis, Samantha Kannie, Jeroen van Lobenstein, Kogielambal Chinniah, Constant Kapongo, Roopesh Bhoola, Malini Krishna and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Nicholas G HerbertPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-3708-694X
Gabriela CromhoutHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0003-2748-1572
Nomonde BenguHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.ORCID 0009-0005-4694-8475
Rowena FillisHarry Gwala Regional Hospital, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa.
Samantha KannieGeneral Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital, Stanger 4450, South Africa.
Jeroen van LobensteinGeneral Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital, Stanger 4450, South Africa.
Kogielambal ChinniahMahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Durban 4001, South Africa.ORCID 0009-0006-3869-8071
Constant KapongoQueen Nandi Regional Hospital, Empangeni 3880, South Africa.
Roopesh BhoolaHarry Gwala Regional Hospital, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa.
Malini KrishnaGeneral Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital, Stanger 4450, South Africa.ORCID 0009-0004-9085-8939
Noxolo MchunuHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
Thilona ArumugamSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
Krista DongRagon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139.ORCID 0000-0002-2038-3518
Sunetra GuptaDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford OX1 3SY, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Christian BranderIrsicaixa-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Research Institute, Barcelona 08916, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-0548-5778
Mary CarringtonRagon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139.ORCID 0000-0002-2692-2180
Thumbi Ndung'uHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
Veron RamsuranSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
Bridget S Penman *Department of Biology, University of Oxford OX1 3SY, Oxford, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-9803-5209
Philip J R Goulder *Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-9842-4674

Funding

Pediatric Adolescent Virus Elimination (PAVE) Martin Delaney CollaboratoryUM1AI164566 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Ann M Chahroudi, Deborah Persaud · 2021 to 2026
$35.5M
Impact of immune sex differences in the first 1000 days of life and in childhood and adolescenceU01AI168655 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD · PI PHILIP J GOULDER · 2022 to 2026
$2.6M
HHS | NIH (NIH) 1UM1AI164566HHS | NIH (NIH) 1UO1AI168655-01HHS | NIH (NIH) AI133673HHS | NIH (NIH) UO1AI168655NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI168655NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI164566Wellcome Trust (WT) WT104748MA
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

MHC polymorphism is explained by natural selection driven by the MHC-dependent impact of certain infections, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. However, examples of human disease driving this process are rare. We evaluated the impact of HIV-1 in altering HLA-I frequencies in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and the influence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on this process. In a historical mother-child cohort in the pre-ART era (1998-2005), HIV-1 survival and vertical transmission were both strongly HLA-B dependent: "disease-susceptible" HLA-B alleles (HLA-B*18/B*45:01/B*58:02) increased adult AIDS progression and vertical transmission (OR 1.6,

Indexed as

Genetic Predisposition to DiseaseHIV-1HIV InfectionsHLA-B AntigensSelection, GeneticAdultAllelesFemaleGene FrequencyHumansInfectious Disease Transmission, VerticalSouth AfricaHLA-B AntigensARTHIV-1Natural selectionvertical transmission

Identifiers

PMID42044322
PMCPMC13168542

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.