Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42044044›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026

Effects of Age and Birth Cohort on Influenza A Virus Subtype-Specific Hospitalization Rates, United States, 2010-2025.

Alissa O'Halloran, Nicole Hood, Dawud Ujamaa, Angiezel Merced-Morales, Brian Gurbaxani, Pam Daily Kirley, Monica J Napoles, Nisha B Alden, Deborah Aragon, James Meek and 34 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

44 authors.

Alissa O'HalloranInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0002-7397-7870
Nicole HoodInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Dawud UjamaaInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Angiezel Merced-MoralesInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Brian GurbaxaniInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0002-9731-7359
Pam Daily KirleyCalifornia Emerging Infections Program, Oakland.
Monica J NapolesCalifornia Emerging Infections Program, Oakland.
Nisha B AldenColorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver.ORCID 0000-0002-8128-7714
Deborah AragonColorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver.
James MeekConnecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven.
Kimberly Yousey-HindesConnecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven.ORCID 0000-0002-9418-575X
Kyle P OpenoDivision of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine.ORCID 0009-0005-8431-6508
Lucy S WittDivision of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine.ORCID 0000-0003-1475-6952
Maya L MonroeMaryland Department of Health, Baltimore.
Patricia A RyanMaryland Department of Health, Baltimore.
Lauren LeegwaterMichigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing.ORCID 0000-0002-0888-7529
Sarah RojewskiMichigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing.
Cynthia KenyonMinnesota Department of Health, St Paul.ORCID 0000-0002-0441-293X
Ruth LynfieldMinnesota Department of Health, St Paul.
Mayvilynne PobleteNew Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Albuquerque.
Zachary Q LandisNew Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Albuquerque.
Bridget J AndersonNewYork State Department of Health, Albany.ORCID 0000-0002-1233-3780
Adam J RoweNewYork State Department of Health, Albany.
Christina B FelsenUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NewYork.
Brenda L TesiniUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NewYork.ORCID 0000-0001-6051-0027
Khalil HarbiNorth Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh.
Erica WilsonNorth Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh.
Krista LungOhio Department of Health, Columbus.
Nancy E MoranOhio Department of Health, Columbus.
Melissa SuttonPublic Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Portland.ORCID 0000-0001-8817-8724
Ann ThomasPublic Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Portland.
H Keipp TalbotVanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.ORCID 0000-0003-0141-1760
William SchaffnerVanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.ORCID 0000-0002-1375-8078
Melanie CrosslandSalt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Kristen OlsenSalt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Manish PatelInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Alicia M FryInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0009-0000-9448-738X
Rebecca KondorInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0002-2596-4282
Catherine BozioInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Carrie ReedInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0001-7944-7638
Lynnette BrammerInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Alicia BuddInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0003-3936-164X
Brendan FlanneryInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Shikha GargInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0002-9345-6669

Funding

Council of State and Territorial EpidemiologistsEmerging Infections ProgramIntramural CDC HHS CC999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOlder individuals (≥65 years) are at greatest risk of severe influenza requiring hospitalization. Since 2009, influenza-associated hospitalization rates during A(H1N1)pdm09-predominant influenza seasons have been lower than during A(H3N2)-predominant seasons.

methodsUsing laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalization rates from US population-based surveillance, we investigated the relative A(H1N1)pdm09 to A(H3N2) hospitalization rate ratios by patient year of age and birth cohort from 2010 through 2025.

resultsResults suggest partial protection against A(H1N1)pdm09 hospitalizations relative to A(H3N2) hospitalizations among patients born before 1945 (pre-1945 birth cohorts) and among individuals born during 1994 through 2009. Impact of partial protection against A(H1N1)pdm09-associated hospitalizations has diminished over time among older adults, contributing to elevated influenza hospitalization rates during the 2024-2025 influenza season.

conclusionsOur findings suggest that influenza A hospitalization rates may increase during future influenza seasons when influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) viruses circulate or following the emergence of novel A(H1N1)pdm09-like viruses.

Indexed as

HospitalizationInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeInfluenza, HumanAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAge FactorsBirth CohortChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMalebirth cohortimprintinginfluenzainfluenza hospitalizationinfluenza virus

Identifiers

PMID42044044
PMCPMC13621328

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.