ArticleInternational journal of clinical oncology2026
Association between antibiotic use, immune-related adverse events, and efficacy of immunotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Article in International journal of clinical oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Prediction of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Liver Injury in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer: Machine Learning Modeling for Time-Stratified Risk Assessment.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are essential for treating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). As antibiotics (Abx) may reduce ICI efficacy, and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) relate to better outcomes, we investigated their association. PATIENTS AND
methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 121 advanced or metastatic ESCC patients treated with ICIs, assessing outcomes based on Abx use and irAEs.
resultsForty-one patients (33.9%) were in the Abx (+) group, showing a significantly shorter median progression-free survival (PFS) (2.5 vs. 6.5 months; p = 0.029) and lower disease control rate (36.8% vs. 60.9%; p = 0.0145) than those in the Abx (-) group. irAEs were less frequent in the Abx (+) group (29.3% vs. 58.8%; p = 0.0037). The positive impact of irAEs on ICI efficacy was significant in overall population [irAE(-) vs. irAE(+): PFS, 4.4 months (95% CI 2.5-5.3) vs. 8.8 months (95% CI 5.9-13.7); log-rank p = 0.001; Hazard ratio (HR) 1.76, 95% CI 1.14-2.74; p = 0.011; overall survival (OS), 10.6 months (95% CI 7.0-13.1) vs. 18.1 months (95% CI 9.2-25.9); log-rank p = 0.043; HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.01-2.55; p = 0.046] but diminished if received Abx. Notably, the Abx (-)/irAE (+) group had the best outcomes, while the Abx (+)/irAE (-) group had the worst PFS (8.7 vs. 2.4 months; HR 2.07; p = 0.011) and OS (18.1 and 6.8 months; HR 1.89; p = 0.036).
conclusionAntibiotic use was linked to reduced ICI efficacy and fewer irAEs, suggesting impaired immune activation in ESCC patients.
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