ArticleViruses2026
Characterisation of RT Connection and RNase H Polymorphisms in HIV-1 Subtype C in Botswana.
Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that polymorphisms in the reverse transcriptase connection (RT-conn) and RNase H domains may contribute to resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs). Here, we characterised the polymorphic landscape of the RT-conn and RNase H domains in HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) from Botswana across the pre-ART and post-ART eras, including treatment-naïve (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) individuals. A total of 1571 HIV-1C sequences were analysed: 76 pre-ART (≤2002) and 1495 post-ART (>2002) sequences were obtained from the Los Alamos database and the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (2013-2018). Post-ART sequences were stratified into TN (n = 1282) and TE individuals with virologic failure (TEVF, n = 213). Naturally occurring and ART-associated polymorphisms within RT-conn (aa 321-440) and RNase H (aa 441-560) were assessed. Among TN individuals, 12 polymorphisms exceeded 5% pre-ART, including R461K and L491P, while 31 polymorphisms were observed post-ART, indicating a temporal shift. Several substitutions were significantly higher in TEVF and showed a history of thymidine analogue-, tenofovir- and lamivudine/emtricitabine-based exposure. Covariant analysis identified significant co-occurrence of polymerase mutations (M184V/I, D67N) with RT-conn/RNase H substitutions (
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