ReviewToxins2026
Botulinum Toxin for Chronic Migraine: Beyond Headache Reduction and Toward Possible Cognitive Benefits.
Review in Toxins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic migraine (CM) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized not only by persistent and severe pain, but also by substantial cognitive dysfunction that affects attention, working memory, processing speed, and executive functions. These neuropsychological disturbances are likely influenced by overall disease burden and are further modulated by affective comorbidities, sleep disturbances, and medication overuse. OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) is an established preventive therapy for CM, supported by strong evidence of both efficacy and safety. This narrative review synthesizes findings from studies examining the relationship between BoNT-A treatment and domain-specific cognitive improvements in CM. It also outlines the potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these effects, summarizes the limitations of the existing literature, and highlights priorities for future research. Current evidence suggests that BoNT-A may confer neurocognitive benefits, particularly in working memory and processing speed, and that these improvements may occur partly independently of reductions in headache frequency. These favorable cognitive effects appear to be plausibly linked to decreased nociceptive "noise" and improved cortical inhibition, potentially mediated through modulation of central sensitization, nociceptive signaling, and affective states.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.