Comparison of Mass Spectrometry Imaging by Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI) and Desorption Electro-Flow Focusing Ionization (DEFFI).

Yunshuo Tian, Ruolun Wei, Yifan Meng, Richard N Zare

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Article in Metabolites, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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4 authors.

Yunshuo TianCollege of Letter and Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

Ruolun WeiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0009-0003-6307-9799

Yifan MengDepartment of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6897-3595

Richard N ZareDepartment of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5266-4253

Funding

United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research AFOSR FA9550-21-1-0170

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAmong atmospheric-pressure mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) methods, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and desorption electro-flow focusing ionization (DEFFI) represent cost-effective, high-throughput approaches that utilize pneumatically assisted charged solvent droplets to directly desorb and ionize analytes from sample surfaces. METHODS AND

resultsIn this study, we systematically compare the performance of conventional DESI-MSI with previously reported DEFFI-MSI configurations on the Orbitrap mass spectrometer platform, focusing on evaluating the lateral spatial resolution, signal intensity, and imaging speed. By scanning a standard patterned sample which has sharp edges, DESI-MSI achieved a spatial resolution of 70 µm, while DEFFI-MSI achieved 15 µm (approximately 4.7-fold improvement). For the representative ion at

conclusionsTaken together, these results quantify the key performance metrics between DESI-MSI and DEFFI-MSI, demonstrating that DEFFI is the preferred method on Orbitrap-based MSI, because it simultaneously enhances spatial resolution, signal intensity, and imaging speed.

Indexed as

desorption electro-flow focusing ionizationdesorption electrospray ionizationimaging speedmass spectrometry imagingspatial resolution

Identifiers

PMID42042865

DOI10.3390/metabo16040219

PMCPMC13118229

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