ArticleVaccines2026
Evaluation of Cross-Immunogenicity of Ferret Antisera Following Immunization with H5N1 Vaccine Strains.
Article in Vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHighly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have spread globally since 2021, causing extensive outbreaks in avian populations and repeated spillovers into diverse mammalian hosts, including humans. These cross-species transmission events highlight ongoing pandemic risks and underscore the need for vaccine strategies that reflect viral evolution at the human-animal interface. Despite the availability of licensed H5 vaccines and newly recommended World Health Organization (WHO) candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs), the extent to which these vaccines elicit cross-reactive antibody responses against contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including mammalian spillover isolates of avian origin, remains incompletely characterized.
methodIn this study, ferret antisera were generated using four WHO-recommended H5 CVVs, including a clade 1 strain (A/Vietnam/1194/2004) and three clade 2.3.4.4b strains (A/Astrakhan/3212/2020, A/American wigeon/South Carolina/22-000345-001/2021, and A/Ezo red fox/Hokkaido/1/2022), formulated with alum adjuvant to reflect licensed vaccine formulation used in national preparedness programs. Antibody responses and cross-reactive activity were evaluated using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays against homologous vaccine strains and a feline-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 field isolate from Korea, A/Feline/Korea/SNU-01/2023.
resultsAntisera induced by clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs showed cross-reactive antibody responses against homologous and heterologous clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and demonstrated measurable HI and MN responses against the feline-origin field isolate. In contrast, antisera raised against the clade 1 Vietnam CVV exhibited limited cross-reactivity against clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. Overall, clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs generally showed higher antibody responses than the clade 1 vaccine strain across multiple panels.
conclusionsThese findings provide descriptive insights into antigenic differences between clade 1 and clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and support the antigenic relevance of clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs for contemporary H5N1 strains. This study highlights the importance of ongoing antigenic evaluation to inform vaccine strain selection within a One Health framework.
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