ReviewVaccines2026
Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Platforms: From Barrier Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.
Review in Vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Intranasal Adenoviral Vector Vaccination Induces Durable Antibody and T Cell Responses in the Respiratory Tract.Vaccines · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
As a non-invasive mucosal immunization strategy, intranasal vaccines are highly promising for preventing respiratory infectious diseases. Among them, recombinant subunit vaccines represent a safe and ideal option, as they induce targeted mucosal immunity without the safety risks associated with live-vectored or nucleic acid vaccines. However, nasal mucosal defenses rapidly clear antigens before immune activation, limiting protective efficacy. Therefore, intranasal vaccine adjuvants-key regulators of immune response intensity, duration, and type-are essential to overcome mucosal tolerance and improve immunogenicity. Based on a systematic search and analysis of 127 peer-reviewed articles (2010-2026) in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, this study comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms, applications, and limitations of existing and candidate adjuvants for intranasal vaccines. This review systematically categorizes and discusses the nasal mucosal barrier, major adjuvant types (e.g., pattern recognition receptor agonists, cytokine adjuvants, and carrier adjuvants), and their mechanisms of action. It also identifies key bottlenecks: insufficient mucosal targeting, inconsistent global safety evaluation standards for adjuvants, and interference from pre-existing antibodies in humans. Furthermore, this review highlights future development directions, including biomimetic adjuvants, pH-responsive nanoadjuvants, and thermostable vaccine formulations. This systematic review clarifies key scientific and technical barriers in intranasal vaccine adjuvant development. The findings provide valuable references for advancing the translation of intranasal vaccines from emergency countermeasures to routine, accessible preventive tools for respiratory infectious diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.