Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42042314›Full record

ReviewInfectious disease reports2026

Global Review on

Andreas Sarantopoulos, Annalisa Quattrocchi, Ioannis Kopsidas, Oliver A Cornely, Danila Seidel, Itamar Grotto, Zoi Dorothea Pana

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Infectious disease reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Andreas SarantopoulosMedical School, European University of Cyprus (EUC), 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus.ORCID 0009-0001-1390-6472
Annalisa QuattrocchiDepartment of Primary Care and Population Health, Medical School, University of Nicosia (UNIC), 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.ORCID 0000-0002-5764-6721
Ioannis KopsidasCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Outcome Research (CLEO), 15451 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0001-6499-4807
Oliver A CornelyCologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Institute of Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-9599-3137
Danila SeidelCologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Institute of Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
Itamar GrottoDepartment of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Community Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University (BGU), Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
Zoi Dorothea PanaDepartment of Primary Care and Population Health, Medical School, University of Nicosia (UNIC), 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesPrimary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare, fulminant, and often fatal central nervous system infection caused by the opportunistic free-living amoeba

methodsA systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, identifying 58 eligible publications encompassing 66 individual cases.

resultsMost reports originated from the United States, India, and China. The median patient age was 14 years, with 78% of cases occurring in males. Annual case reports increased from one per year (2000-2005) to over four per year (2020-2024), reflecting either a true rise in incidence or improved detection. Common presenting symptoms included fever, headache, and altered mental status. Diagnosis was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing or post-mortem biopsy in nearly one-third of cases. Treatment regimens varied, with amphotericin B and miltefosine being the most frequently used agents. Overall mortality was 83%, with survival strongly associated with early initiation of combination therapy. Pediatric patients had a higher survival rate (22%) compared to adults (7.1%).

conclusionsThe findings highlight the need for heightened clinical awareness, especially in the context of climate-driven ecological changes that may expand

Indexed as

amphotericin Bepidemiologyfree-living amoebafreshwater exposuremiltefosineNaegleria fowleriPAMpolymerase chain reaction (PCR)primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

Identifiers

PMID42042314
PMCPMC13115685

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.