CornPheno: Phenotyping corn ear kernels in the wild via point query transformer.

Corn is a globally important economic crop. Certain trait parameters of corn ears kernels per ear are essential indicators for corn breeding. However, acquiring these parameters faces two challenges: i) manual measurement is labor-intensive and error-prone, and ii) vision-based corn phenotyping machines require fixed image capturing environment and are cost-prohibitive. To address these limitations, we introduce CornPheno, a user-friendly, low-end, smartphone-based approach capable of executing corn ear phenotyping in the wild. CornPheno highlights three corn ear parameters: kernels per ear, rows per ear, and kernels per row. Technically, inspired by crowd localization in computer vision, we first extract kernels per ear based on a Corn data-trained Point quEry Transformer (CornPET). CornPET generates interpretable per-kernel point predictions and supports subsequent row detection. To detect rows, we introduce a novel point-based corn row detection approach, termed unicorn, featured by sqUeezed clusteriNg and bI-direCtional pOint seaRchiNg, to phenotype rows per ear and kernels per row. With adaptive geometric modeling, our approach is robust to partial rows, curved rows, and missing kernels. To promote the use of CornPheno, we have integrated it into OpenPheno, a WeChat-based mini-program, and made it open-access for corn breeders. We hope our approach can provide the community with a user-friendly and cost-effective way to facilitate corn breeding.