ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Targeting the C3 signaling axis of the complement system: immune microenvironment regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor, with treatment resistance tightly linked to the intricate regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). In recent years, the complement system-especially its central component C3 and its cleavage products C3a/C3aR signaling-has drawn increasing attention for its roles in GBM initiation and progression. This review systematically delineates the expression patterns of C3 in GBM, its regulatory mechanisms, and its connections to key biological processes such as hypoxia, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential of targeting C3/C3aR signaling as a novel GBM therapy, including the application of small-molecule antagonists, synergistic effects with radiotherapy, and the prospects for biomarker development based on liquid biopsy. All therapeutic claims are based predominantly on preclinical evidence; clinical translation remains to be validated. By integrating the latest findings, this work aims to offer new perspectives and theoretical support for understanding GBM immune evasion and for the development of precise immunotherapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.