ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Advances and challenges in immunotherapy for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of a prognostic prediction model incorporatingJournal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Article
- For Advanced Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, PD-1 Antibody Combined with Chemotherapy Improves Progression-Free Survival Compared with Monotherapy or Chemotherapy Alone as First-Line Treatment: A Retrospective Study with Prognostic Biomarker Analysis.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a highly prevalent and aggressive malignancy worldwide, associated with poor prognosis. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, where conventional chemotherapy offers limited therapeutic efficacy and is often accompanied by substantial toxicity. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting PD-(L)1 and CTLA-4, have emerged as cornerstone therapies in both first-line and subsequent treatment settings for advanced ESCC. Nevertheless, significant clinical challenges persist, including the complexity of mechanisms underlying immune resistance, suboptimal predictive performance of existing biomarkers, difficulties in the management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and underrepresentation of elderly patients in clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances in immunotherapy for advanced ESCC, evaluating the clinical evidence supporting ICIs as monotherapy or in combination with agents such as anti-angiogenic drugs and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. It further discusses the therapeutic potential of novel approaches, including bispecific antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy, and next-generation ICIs, while addressing current treatment paradigms for elderly patients. The importance of comprehensive, longitudinal management of irAEs is emphasized. Additionally, this article provides an in-depth analysis of mechanisms contributing to immune resistance-such as loss of tumor neoantigens and dysregulation of key signaling pathways-and critically appraises the limitations of established biomarkers, including PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB), alongside emerging developments in biomarker discovery. In conclusion, while immunotherapy has significantly improved outcomes and expanded therapeutic prospects for patients with advanced ESCC, further research is required to elucidate resistance mechanisms, refine treatment strategies, and identify robust predictive biomarkers. These efforts are essential to advance precision medicine in ESCC and ultimately enhance long-term survival outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.