ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Risk perception and neuro-emotional development in adolescent athletes: psychometric validation of the ESTUDES scales for preventive guidance contexts.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Organized sport promotes physical and psychological health in adolescents, improving emotional regulation, self-efficacy and resilience, which are essential for preventing addiction. This study validates an adapted ESTUDES scale for measuring consumption and risk perception in young athletes. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study with 914 adolescent footballers from Jaén and Granada (aged 12-18). The ESTUDES 2023 questionnaire (20 items on tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, gambling, and risk perception) was adapted, applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Five factors were identified, explaining 73.47% of the variance: tobacco use, alcohol use, gambling, cannabis use, and risk perceptions. Reliability was adequate ( Conclusion: The scale demonstrated adequate validity and consistency, constituting a useful tool for assessing addictive behaviors and designing preventive programs for adolescent athletes.
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