Prolonged Paradoxical TB-IRIS: 2 Case Reports and a Review of the Literature.

Max McClure, John Szumowski, Gabriel Chamie, Janice Louie

Abstract readCase Reports

In one paragraph

Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Max McClureDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9080-931X

John SzumowskiDepartment of Medicine, University of California, SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0287-9704

Gabriel ChamieDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5860-8081

Janice LouieDepartment of Medicine, University of California, SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-5213

Funding

Mentorship in patient-oriented research to optimize community-based HIV prevention for adults at high-risk of HIV at alcohol drinking venues in East AfricaK24AA031211 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Gabriel Chamie · 2023 to 2026

$785k

NIAAA NIH HHS K24 AA031211

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Although paradoxical tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) in HIV-TB coinfection is typically thought of as occurring within several months of starting antiretroviral therapy, more prolonged manifestations have been reported. We describe 2 cases in which manifestations of TB-IRIS continued for longer than 1 year after the end of TB treatment and review the literature on prolonged TB-IRIS. These cases are often characterized by a history of extrapulmonary TB and initially low CD4 counts and commonly demonstrate lymphadenitis or abscesses. In the absence of clear consensus around its appropriate management, prolonged TB-IRIS presents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.

Indexed as

HIVIRISparadoxical reactionprolongedtuberculosis

Identifiers

PMID42038548

DOI10.1093/ofid/ofag212

PMCPMC13108453

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY-NC-ND

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.