ArticleFrontiers in aging2026
Impact of moderate treadmill training on cytokine levels in rats: influence of age and sex.
Article in Frontiers in aging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Inflammation repairs tissues in response to stressors. Aging alters circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory markers through immunosenescence, the gradual decline of immune function, and increased cytokine secretion, contributing to chronic inflammation. Exercise can modulate cytokine levels, producing anti-inflammatory effects. However, how age and sex influence these responses remains unclear.
methodsWe evaluated blood serum levels of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in young and old male and female Fischer 344 rats before and after a moderate treadmill exercise protocol.
resultsTNF-α increased in young rats following both sedentary and exercise treatments, but not in old rats, with no sex differences. Exercise increased IL-1β and IL-6 only in young males, while old males showed elevated levels under sedentary condition that were suppressed by exercise. IL-10 increased exclusively in old females after exercise.
conclusionThese results indicate that exercise does not uniformly suppress inflammation but modulates cytokine activity in an age- and sex-dependent manner. In young rats, proinflammatory responses may support tissue repair and muscle remodeling, whereas in old rats, the attenuation of these markers, along with IL-10 elevation in females, suggests a shift toward anti-inflammatory adaptations that may counteract chronic inflammation.
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