ArticleFrontiers in toxicology2026
Effects of polyvinyl chloride microplastics with different particle sizes on growth, physiology, and intestinal microbiota of
Article in Frontiers in toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Polystyrene microplastic stress induces adaptive responses and functional remodeling of gastrointestinal microbiota in fattening lambs.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: This study addresses a critical knowledge gap regarding the long-term, multi-size-dependent toxic effects of polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) on economically important freshwater aquaculture species, specifically the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Given the severe microplastic pollution in intensive aquaculture regions like China's Pearl River Delta, understanding these impacts is vital for ecological risk assessment and sustainable aquaculture. Methods: Post-larval M. rosenbergii were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (1 mg/L) of fluorescent PVC-MPs of three particle sizes (30, 60, 90 μm) for 28 days, followed by a 14-day recovery period in clean water. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, including assessments of growth and survival, microplastic accumulation, tissue ultrastructure and apoptosis, gene expression related to antioxidant defense, immunity, and growth, and intestinal microbiota composition. Results: Exposure to PVC-MPs significantly inhibited growth and reduced survival, with the 90 μm particles showing the strongest effect. MPs accumulated in gills and intestines within one day and entered the circulatory system. They caused significant ultrastructural damage and increased apoptosis in gills, intestines, and hepatopancreas. Molecular responses showed an initial upregulation followed by suppression of antioxidant and immune-related genes after long-term exposure. Gut microbiota analysis revealed dysbiosis, characterized by decreased Firmicutes and increased Proteobacteria. Recovery experiments indicated particle-size-dependent clearance: large (90 μm) MPs were completely eliminated within 14 days, while smaller particles (30, 60 μm) persisted in tissues. Conclusion: PVC-MPs impair M. rosenbergii growth through physical damage, oxidative stress, immune suppression, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, with toxicity and clearance efficiency being particle-size-dependent. These findings provide insights into the ecological risks of microplastics in aquaculture.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.