ReviewCureus2026
The Consequences of Prenatal Tobacco Exposure: A Systematic Review of Birth Outcomes and Developmental Trajectories.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Prenatal tobacco exposure remains a significant and preventable public health concern worldwide. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and long-term developmental consequences. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between prenatal tobacco exposure and birth and developmental outcomes in offspring. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Six electronic databases were searched for observational studies published between June 1, 2014, and June 1, 2025. Studies assessing maternal tobacco exposure during pregnancy and reporting quantitative associations with birth or developmental outcomes were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Prenatal tobacco exposure was consistently associated with increased risk of low birth weight, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 2.24 to 2.91. Reported reductions in birth weight ranged from approximately 230 g to over 300 g among exposed infants. Biomarker-validated studies confirmed reductions in birth weight and head circumference. Developmental outcomes demonstrated impairments in attention, executive function, fine motor skills, and academic performance. Increased risks of psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorder, were observed in longitudinal cohorts. Most studies were rated as having a moderate risk of bias. Certainty of evidence was graded as moderate for low birth weight and neurodevelopmental outcomes, and low for psychiatric outcomes and smokeless tobacco exposure. Prenatal tobacco exposure is consistently associated with reduced fetal growth and adverse neurodevelopmental and psychiatric outcomes extending into later life. Evidence regarding smokeless tobacco exposure remains limited. These findings support the continued prioritization of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy to reduce preventable adverse child health outcomes.
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