ReviewAdvances in experimental medicine and biology2026
Rethinking the Treatment-Resistant Depression.
Review in Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects about one-third of people with major depression and leads to higher suicide rates, impaired functioning, and increased healthcare use. Originally defined as nonresponse to tricyclic antidepressants, TRD now encompasses inadequate response to multiple antidepressant classes, psychotherapy, and neuromodulation. Inconsistent criteria-varying by agency, required treatment failures, dosage/duration thresholds, and symptom scales-complicate prevalence estimates and clinical decision-making. Differential diagnosis is challenging: many presumed TRD cases actually involve bipolar depression, personality or anxiety disorders, somatic symptom disorders, or early neurocognitive conditions. Neurobiological research identifies glutamatergic dysregulation, default-mode network hyperactivity, impaired neuroplasticity, chronic inflammation, and epigenetic changes as TRD markers. Clinically, TRD patients experience persistent anhedonia, cognitive deficits, somatic complaints, and sleep disturbances. Latent class analysis yields subtypes-anxiety-agitation, cognitive-executive dysfunction, somatic-dominant, and affective-deficit-with distinct treatment responses. Biomarker-driven categories (e.g., high-inflammation profiles, connectivity patterns) and developmental/response-based subgroups (e.g., early-onset, ketamine-responsive) guide personalized care. Future work must standardize definitions, integrate multimodal biomarkers, and validate criteria across cultures to improve early identification, prognosis, and targeted interventions.
Indexed as
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42036562What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.