Unveiling the effects of printing parameters on the fracture behavior of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene via the essential work of fracture.

Alireza Roustaee, Faramarz Ashenai Ghasemi, Mohammad Fasihi, Seyed Ali Sajjadi, Pouya Rajaee

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 authors.

Alireza RoustaeeSolids Design Department, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, P.O.B. 16785-136, Tehran, Iran.

Faramarz Ashenai GhasemiSolids Design Department, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, P.O.B. 16785-136, Tehran, Iran. f.a.ghasemi@sru.ac.ir.

Mohammad FasihiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Seyed Ali SajjadiSolids Design Department, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, P.O.B. 16785-136, Tehran, Iran.

Pouya RajaeeSchool of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.

Funding

Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University 1404/376003

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Fused deposition modelling (FDM), a widely used 3D printing technique, is employed to fabricate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) specimens, selected for its reliable printability and sensitivity to processing conditions. The flexibility of FDM enables precise control over printing parameters, providing an effective platform to examine their influence on fracture behaviour. In this study, the effects of layer height, nozzle diameter, and print speed are systematically investigated using the essential work of fracture (EWF) method, which separates crack-initiation and crack-propagation energy contributions. A full factorial design of experiments is implemented, revealing strong agreement between fracture responses and morphological observations, thereby linking microstructural features to governing fracture mechanisms. The results show that layer height and print speed are the most influential parameters. Reducing layer height increased tensile strength, tensile modulus, and crack-initiation resistance by approximately 15%, 11%, and 74%, respectively. Similarly, lower print speed improved these properties by about 6%, 4%, and 20%. Accordingly, optimal tensile and fracture performance was achieved at low layer height and low print speed, while nozzle diameter showed a comparatively minor effect. Conversely, higher layer height, higher print speed, and larger nozzle diameter enhanced ductility and crack-propagation resistance, highlighting a trade-off between strength-dominated and energy-dissipative fracture behaviour. These findings provide practical guidelines for tailoring fracture performance in FDM-printed ABS.

Indexed as

3D printingAcrylonitrile butadiene styreneEssential work of fractureFused deposition modelingPrinting parameters

Identifiers

PMID42036433

DOI10.1038/s41598-026-50167-0

PMCPMC13284252

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND

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