Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42036037›Full record

Observational studyThe Journal of nutrition2026

Factors Associated with Produce Prescription Program Enrollment and Benefit Use among Patients with Diabetes and at Risk for Food Insecurity.

Abigail Rader, Cierra Buckman, Michael Pignone, Jashalynn C German, Susan E Spratt, Eugenia McPeek Hinz, Amanda Brucker, Sam Hoeffler, Ryan M Kane, Connor Drake

Registry-linked trialAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph

Observational study in The Journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05896644 (An Evaluation of Eat Well, a Produce Benefit, for Patients With Diabetes and At-risk for Food Insecurity), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05896644 nacompletednot on this map

An Evaluation of Eat Well, a Produce Benefit, for Patients With Diabetes and At-risk for Food Insecurity

TypeinterventionalSponsorDuke UniversityRan2023 to 2026Enrolled2,177ConditionsDiabetes Mellitus, Food InsecurityArmsEat Well
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Abigail RaderDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States. Electronic address: Abigail.rader@duke.edu.
Cierra BuckmanDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
Michael PignoneDivision of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Collaborative to Advance Clinical Health Equity (CACHE), Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States.
Jashalynn C GermanDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
Susan E SprattDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Population Health Management Office, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States.
Eugenia McPeek HinzDivision of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
Amanda BruckerDepartment of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
Sam HoefflerReinvestment Partners, Durham, NC, United States.
Ryan M KaneDivision of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Food is Medicine Institute, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.
Connor DrakeDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Health Services Research and Development, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States.

Funding

Duke CTSA (Composite)UL1TR001117 · NCATS · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI BOULWARE, LEIGH E, LI, JENNIFER S · 2013 to 2017
$41.3M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001117
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFood insecurity (FI) exacerbates type 2 diabetes (T2D) by limiting access to nutritious foods and worsening glycemic control. Produce prescription (PRx) programs subsidize fruits and vegetables to improve food security and diet quality, yet factors associated with PRx engagement patterns remain understudied.

objectivesThis study aimed to evaluate factors associated with enrollment and benefit use in a PRx program among patients with T2D at risk for FI.

methodsThis observational cohort study analyzed participants from a pragmatic randomized trial in a large integrated health system. Eligible adults (≥18 y) had recent glycated hemoglobin measurements and FI risk based on Medicaid enrollment, high Area Deprivation Index (ADI ≥7), or documented unmet social needs. Of 9644 contacted, 2177 enrolled and were randomly divided 2:1 to receive the EatWell PRx program, receiving a reloadable debit card providing $80/mo for 12 mo to purchase fruits and vegetables. We examined predictors of: 1) study enrollment, 2) any spending (>$0), 3) high spending (>$53/mo median), and 4) highest spending (>$70/mo). Multivariate logistic regression included demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical covariates.

resultsOf the 9644 contacted, 2177 enrolled (22.6%), 1450 were assigned to the PRx arm, and 1148 (79.2% of enrollees) activated their cards. Enrollment was lower among older adults [per 10-y increase: odds ratio (OR): 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72, 0.77], males (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.63), Medicaid enrollees (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.69), high-ADI (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.70), and non-Hispanic White (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.85) and Hispanic/Latino (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.90) participants compared with Black participants. Among card activators, high spending was associated with older age (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.27), whereas highest spending was associated with being married (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.96) and Black compared with White race (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.22).

conclusionsDemographic and socioeconomic factors are significantly associated with PRx enrollment and utilization. Multimodal outreach strategies and targeted implementation approaches may be necessary to ensure equitable program reach and effectiveness. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05896644.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Food AssistanceFood InsecurityFood SupplyFruitVegetablesAdultCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPragmatic Clinical Trials as TopicRandomized Controlled Trials as Topicfood is medicinenutrition interventionprescription producesocial determinants of healthunmet social needs

Identifiers

PMID42036037
PMCPMC13215580

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.