Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42033928›Full record

ArticleDevelopmental cognitive neuroscience2026

Parenting behaviors over time and their effects on cortical and limbic brain structure in children and young adults.

Mirjam Habegger, Plamina Dimanova, Réka Borbás, Elena Federici, Denis Ribeaud, Manuel P Eisner, Todd A Hare, Nora Maria Raschle

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Article in Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mirjam HabeggerJacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: mirjam.habegger@jacobscenter.uzh.ch.
Plamina DimanovaJacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Réka BorbásJacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Elena FedericiJacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
Denis RibeaudJacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Manuel P EisnerJacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland; Violence Research Center, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, UK.
Todd A HareZurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
Nora Maria RaschleJacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: nora.raschle@jacobscenter.uzh.ch.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Parenting behaviors significantly impact children's development, including maturation of emotion regulation skills and associated brain regions (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex). Adaptive and maladaptive parenting behaviors have been associated with brain structure of children/adolescents; however, longitudinal studies of parenting behaviors and their links to neural correlates remain scarce. Two community cohorts were analyzed: cohort 1 (N = 40) with childhood parenting measures and neuroimaging, cohort 2 with repeated-measures parenting reports from childhood to adolescence (ages 7-17; N = 1482) and neuroimaging at age 22 (n = 134). Changes in parenting behaviors, parent-child alignment at age 11, and associations between early parenting behaviors and brain structure (volume/cortical thickness) in childhood (cohort 1) and late adolescence/young adulthood (cohort 2) were assessed using linear mixed models, regressions and correlations. Results show that adaptive parenting (involvement, positive parenting) and most maladaptive behaviors (inconsistent discipline, corporal punishment) decreased with children's age, while poor monitoring increased. Parent-child reports at age 11 were positively correlated. Positive parenting behaviors in childhood were associated with larger amygdala volume in children but smaller amygdala volume in a matched subgroup of late adolescents/young adults. Corporal punishment was associated with reduced left dorsolateral prefrontal thickness in children. These associations were robust to adjustment for multiple potential confounders, including parental and child health. In conclusion, consistent with past evidence, adaptive parenting behaviors showed developmentally specific associations with limbic brain structures; maladaptive parenting behaviors were associated with alterations in prefrontal brain structure during childhood. Our findings indicate that variations in positive parenting are associated with neurodevelopment in an age-dependent manner.

Indexed as

Cerebral CortexLimbic SystemParent-Child RelationsParentingAdolescentAmygdalaChildFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleYoung AdultBrainCorticolimbic brain structureDevelopmentEmotion processingEmotion regulationParenting behaviors

Identifiers

PMID42033928
PMCPMC13129451

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.