Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42032342›Full record

ReviewNature cancer2026

Oncolytic viruses and cytokine-based gene therapies reprogram the tumor microenvironment.

Joshua D Bernstock, Lennard Spanehl, E Antonio Chiocca

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Joshua D BernstockDepartment of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham Neuroscience Institute and Center for Tumors of the Nervous System, Mass General Brigham Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. jbernstock@bwh.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-3867
Lennard SpanehlDepartment of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham Neuroscience Institute and Center for Tumors of the Nervous System, Mass General Brigham Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9419-7302
E Antonio ChioccaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham Neuroscience Institute and Center for Tumors of the Nervous System, Mass General Brigham Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. eachiocca@mgb.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5183-1670

Funding

Oncolytic Virus Therapeutic Responses Occur from Changes in the Glioblastoma Immune MicroenvironmentR01NS110942 · NINDS · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI E. Antonio Chiocca, Hiroshi Nakashima · 2019 to 2026
$3.4M
Improving IL12 Immunogene Therapy for Glioblastoma Based on Human Clinical Trial ResultsR01NS134723 · NINDS · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI E. Antonio Chiocca · 2024 to 2026
$1.9M
NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS110942NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS134723
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Solid tumors are sustained by profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TMEs) that underlie resistance to immunotherapy. Engineered oncolytic viruses and cytokine-based gene therapies can reprogram the TME, converting 'cold' tumors into immune-responsive states and amplifying antitumor immunity. Several agents have achieved regulatory approval, and clinical studies demonstrate that even limited dosing can induce durable changes in immune infiltration and cytokine signaling. Yet consistent and lasting clinical responses remain elusive. Here, we synthesize translational insights from recent trials and highlight emerging strategies to overcome barriers and enhance the therapeutic impact of these TME-modulating biologics.

Indexed as

CytokinesGenetic TherapyNeoplasmsOncolytic VirotherapyOncolytic VirusesTumor MicroenvironmentAnimalsGene Therapy AgentsHumansImmunotherapyCytokines

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.