Stimulation success!? Improved response inhibition performance after prefrontal single-site and condition-and-perturb transcranial magnetic stimulation.

In everyday behaviour, the ability to stop an already initiated action is critical for ensuring both your safety and that of others; for example, when stopping a reaching movement towards a hot stove-top after realising it is hot. Neuroscientific evidence points towards the critical role of several regions in the right prefrontal cortex in the coordination and execution of this response inhibition-specifically the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC). The present study investigated the effects of different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols on stop-signal task (SST) performance. We hypothesized that TMS over one or both of these areas would be detrimental to performance. However, contrary to our hypothesis, TMS significantly facilitated performance regardless of the stimulation condition. We applied both frequentist and Bayesian methods to assess the robustness of these effects, revealing consistent reductions in stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) across active conditions. Our results add to the growing body of results that suggest TMS effects may not be as straight-forward as usually assumed and that so-called "inhibitory protocols" can facilitate performance. This result could be explained by a shift in the signal-to-noise ratio depending on the pre-activation of the area. Put differently, TMS may have primed task-related activity in the target areas to a level that was optimal for task performance. Alternatively, the observed effect may reflect an (over)compensation by other parts of the network or disruption of competing resources. Future studies may provide further support for these hypotheses.