SynthesisScientific reports2026
The anti-inflammatory effects of Citrus hystrix DC.: a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Citrus hystrix DC., commonly known as kaffir lime, has been widely used in traditional medicine for its potential anti-inflammatory properties. However, evidence from experimental studies remains limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize existing in vitro and in vivo evidence on the anti-inflammatory effects of C. hystrix and its bioactive compounds. PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched up to May 27, 2025, for experimental studies evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of C. hystrix extracts or compounds in vitro or in vivo. Data on inflammatory biomarkers included nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the inhibition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation were extracted. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed, with heterogeneity assessed using I² statistics. A total of 1,049 records were identified, of which 9 studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies comprised both in vitro (n = 7) and in vivo (n = 2) experiments. The systematic review demonstrated that C. hystrix significantly reduced NO production, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels (p < 0.05) compared with controls, indicating strong anti-inflammatory activity. Findings from the meta-analysis revealed that the pooled effect estimate indicated a mean inhibition rate of the bovine serum albumin (BSA) degradation of 46.48% (95% CI: 28.66-64.31; p < 0.001), while the inhibitory effect of C. hystrix on TNF-α was 36.43% (95% CI: 1.18-71.68; p < 0.05). However, substantial heterogeneity (I² > 80%) was observed, which was likely attributable to variations in experimental models, extract types, and dosages used across studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis provided quantitative evidence supporting the anti-inflammatory potential of C. hystrix. The findings highlighted its role in suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators in both in vitro and in vivo models. Future research should focus on standardized extract formulations, dose-response relationships, and clinical trials to validate its therapeutic efficacy in humans.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.