ArticleScientific reports2026
The in-vitro effect of bovine milk, and plant-based alternatives on oral microorganisms and biofilms.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effects of bovine milk and plant-based alternatives on oral microorganisms and multispecies biofilms, in part in interaction with monocytic cells. Test substances (all without added sugar) included bovine milk, plant-based oat drink, plant-based almond drink, and plant-based soy drink. Growth of Streptococcus gordonii, S. mutans (here also with 7.5% sucrose), and Porphyromonas gingivalis with 2.5% and 10% test substances was measured. Sediment of P. gingivalis cultures with 10% test substance at 24 h was assayed for Arg-gingipain activity. Further, two defined multi-species biofilms (caries and periodontal) were cultured on surfaces coated with the test substances (final concentration 10%) for 4 h and 24 h or 48 h, before biofilms were analyzed. Monocytic cells were added to periodontal biofilm, and thereafter, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 expression was determined. The growth of S. gordonii was slightly promoted by bovine milk and by three of the four plant-based milk alternatives tested. In media with 5% sucrose and test substances, the S. mutans colony forming units (CFU) counts were lower at 6 h with the lowest counts after incubation with 2.5% bovine milk. Almond drink reduced the CFU counts in a formed cariogenic biofilm; bovine milk and soy drink reduced both mass and metabolic activity. The arginine-specific amidolytic activity of P. gingivalis was blocked with 10% almond drink. Oat drink and bovine milk decreased both CFU counts and metabolic activity of the formed periodontal biofilm. Independent of biofilm presence, soy drink increased the release of IL-10. These in-vitro results may support the available epidemiologic data on the inverse association of the intake of milk with caries and periodontitis. Plant-based drinks should be further investigated. Of special interest might be the inhibition of gingipain activity by almond drink as well as the immune-modulatory effects of soy drink.
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