ArticleBMJ open2026
Factors affecting implementation of hospital inpatient-level care at home: a qualitative study of virtual wards in North West England.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesTo identify key factors influencing the implementation of technology-enabled virtual wards (VWs), also known as hospital at home, drawing on the qualitative accounts of stakeholders involved in implementation, using the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) as a guiding analytical framework.
designQualitative semi-structured interviews with implementation leads. All interviews were conducted online, using MS Teams or Zoom, between January-June 2024, and audio-recorded with consent. Audio-recordings were transcribed, anonymised and exported to NVivo V.12 Pro software for data management. The updated CFIR was used to guide thematic analysis of interview data.
settingAdult VW services in one regional health and social care system in North West England, UK.
participantsService implementation leads from 11 hospital sites providing adult VW services. Job titles and roles varied across sites and included both operational and clinical service leads.
results20 interviews were conducted with 22 participants. Four implementation themes were identified: (1) complexity and adaptability: the ability to adapt the service to local conditions was valued by leads, but also contributed to wide variation in operational, clinical, workforce and digital components of VW models; (2) resource and infrastructure: workforce capacity was identified as a key implementation challenge along with information technology system capability and interoperability; (3) performance demands: leads were concerned that an excessive focus on bed numbers and occupancy levels, without accounting for patient acuity, could negatively affect implementation, straining the service and staff capacity; and (4) readiness for change: organisational and professional readiness for change was considered crucial for increasing referrals and enabling successful implementation, yet leads reported that the level of behavioural and cultural change required had been underestimated.
conclusionsImplementation of a national VWs programme has resulted in wide service variation in one UK region, which raises questions about service equity and poses challenges for wider programme evaluation. Despite this variation, common factors found to help or hinder implementation have been identified. This study provides greater understanding of the factors that influence the implementation of VW services and outlines actionable insights to help refine VW strategies. These insights can support future planning and sustainability of technology-enabled inpatient-level care at home more widely.
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