ArticleOpen heart2026
Sex differences in the diagnosis, management and outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis.
Article in Open heart, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDespite growing interest in male-female differences in cardiovascular disease, evidence in infective endocarditis (IE) is limited and contradictory.
methodsThis prospective study included all patients with definite or possible valvular IE discussed by the endocarditis team from 2016 to 2025. Baseline characteristics, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes were compared between sexes. A Cox model was conducted to assess survival adjusted for baseline characteristics, IE type and treatment.
resultsThe cohort included 791 patients with definite or possible IE (72.8% males, 27.2% females). Age was not different (male: 67 (IQR 56-75), female: 71 (IQR 55-78) years, p=0.07). Females more often had hypertension (46.0% vs 35.2%, p=0.07) and mitral valve IE (45.6% vs 32.3%, p<0.001). Males had more predisposing conditions (71.5% vs 60.5%, p=0.004) and more aortic valve IE (71.0% vs 62.3%, p=0.02) and
conclusionsDifferences were observed in baseline characteristics, IE type and survival. Females had worse overall adjusted survival, suggesting a less favourable overall prognosis. In terms of surgical decision-making, surgery was withheld more often in females despite surgical indication, and after excluding these patients, surgery appeared more protective in females than in males. These findings may reflect sex differences in surgical selection.
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