ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2026
Effects of Topical Steroids and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Rats.
Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to investigate the potential systemic gastrointestinal (GI) effects of short-term topical administration of ocular steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in rats. ANIMALS: A total of 56 adult male Wistar rats were assigned to seven treatment groups (n = 8 for each group), receiving topical applications of saline, prednisolone acetate, dexamethasone phosphate, loteprednol etabonate, ketorolac tromethamine, nepafenac or diclofenac sodium for 1 week.
methodsGI bleeding was assessed using faecal occult blood tests, gastric and duodenal tissues were analysed histopathologically, and endoscopic evaluations were performed.
resultsPositive faecal occult blood results were observed in the prednisolone acetate group (3/8; 37.5%), dexamethasone phosphate (2/8; 25%), diclofenac sodium (1/8; 12.5%) and loteprednol etabonate (1/8; 12.5%). No positive results were recorded in the ketorolac tromethamine, nepafenac, or saline groups (0%). Differences between groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). No significant within-group differences between baseline and post-treatment results were detected (p > 0.05). Endoscopic scores ranged from 0 to 1 across all groups, and histopathology revealed no abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Short-term topical ocular steroid and NSAID treatments were not associated with statistically significant systemic gastrointestinal alterations under the conditions of this study.
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